At a workshop this week on tree roots, we learned a formula for protecting tree roots in areas undergoing construction. Measure the diameter of the tree trunk at breast height. Multiple this measurement times 1.5 feet. This equals the critical root radius that should be protected.
For more information on protecting trees during construction, The University of Minnesota has a Homeowner's Guide with helpful information.
Choosing a Tree with Healthy Roots is full of tips for selecting a tree for your landscape.